The nature of this relationship has been poorly documented in carnivoran species, particularly those that are intensively managed and bred for reintroduction initiatives. Most frequently, the reported changes occurring in captivity have been related to a reduction in endocranial volume, which has been attributed to improper diets, socially and environmentally depauperate enclosures, or lack of stimulating enrichment activities 5, 12, 13. Within captive populations, endocranial volumes have been documented to increase, decrease, and in some cases show no discernable difference. Changes in endocranial volume may have significant consequences for the viability of a population 1, 5, 6. Given its intricate relationship with brain size and structure, endocranial volume has been linked to differences in behavior, performance, and fitness 2, 4. The relative endocranial volume of the vertebrate skull varies within and between populations of a species 1, 2, 3. We hypothesize that the increase in endocranial volume observed across captive generations may be related to the high-quality nutrition provided in captivity. We did not find a relationship between endocranial volume and either inbreeding or cranial musculature, although the captive population displayed an increase in the cross-sectional area of the masseter muscle. However, we did not detect a difference among captive, wild, and reintroduced groups, perhaps due to the variability across captive generations. Endocranial volume increased across captive generations. Here, we measured the endocranial volume of preserved Mexican wolf skulls across captive generations and between captive, wild, and reintroduced populations and assessed endocranial volume dependence on inbreeding and cranial musculature. Little is known about how changes in brain size progress in highly managed carnivoran populations and whether such traits are retained among reintroduced populations. Changes in brain size are associated with biological fitness, which may limit reintroduction success. Captive diets, for example, may differ in nutrition and texture, altering cranial musculature and alleviating constraints on cranial shape development. This led to the study of every detail, from the sofa to the tableware, from the light fixtures to the paintings: a complete concept that transformed this bare and anonymous apartment into a pleasant and tasteful home.Endangered animals in captivity may display reduced brain sizes due to captive conditions and limited genetic diversity. The use of wallpapers with a significant graphic impact (in the living room and bedroom) and curtains with a sophisticated design, moreover, give character to each room. The living area, configured as an open space, follows a compositional scheme such that the furniture, already chosen by the client, is perfectly integrated. The walk-in closet was made entirely to measure in matte lacquered wood in mink and white colors a track-mounted LED spot system gives diffuse lighting that can also be enjoyed from the bedroom through a minimally designed glass door. The entire sleeping area was unified by integrating the same essence of parquet: a choice that made the environment relaxing, refined and contemporary.
Minimal elements such as the corian sink and black furniture elements are enhanced by the textural background of chocolate-colored microcement that penetrates the lowered ceiling.
#Elk lighting martina full#
In particular, the main bathroom, which was messy in the composition of the elements and outdated from an aesthetic point of view, was set up with a new layout that made it possible to make full use of the available space by inserting a full-height custom-made closet and replacing the bathtub with a comfortable shower with chromotherapy. Interior design interventions such as small plasterboard works and the choice of some finishes directed the apartment toward a style more relevant to the young client.
The project consists of the renovation of an apartment of about 100 square meters in a 2007 building in Martina Franca (TA).īuilding works were kept to a minimum: the two small service rooms in the sleeping area were merged and reorganized to accommodate a large walk-in closet serving the master bedroom.
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